Linux Output Redirection

Standard Output (stdout)

To redirect stdout to a file, use the > operator:

command > output.txt

To append stdout to a file, use the >> operator:

command >> output.txt

Standard Error (stderr)

To redirect stderr to a file, use the 2> operator:

command 2> errors.txt

Redirecting stdout and stderr Separately

To redirect stdout and stderr to separate files:

command > output.txt 2> errors.txt

Redirecting stdout and stderr to the Same File

To redirect both stdout and stderr to the same file:

command > output_and_errors.txt 2>&1

Here, 2>&1 means “redirect stderr (2) to the same location as stdout (1)”.

Or even simpler, as it does the same thing:

command &> output_and_errors.txt

Related Zettel

• Zettel#55